In order to study effects of biofertilizer and nitrogen on nitrogen use efficiency and harvest index of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) an experiment was conducted with nitrogen rate (0, 33, 67, 100 kg/ha urea), SEED BIOFERTILIZATION with nitragin and wheat cultivars (Alvand and MV17 ). Results showed that with increasing of urea application fertile tillers number per plant improved. When biofertilized SEEDs were planted, grain yield increased from 6017 kg/ha in control to 6591 kg/ha in application of 33 kg/ha urea and 6954 kg/ha in 67 kg/ha urea in Alvand, and from 3547 kg/ha in control to 4428 kg/ha in application of 33 kg/ha urea and 4724 kg/ha in 67 kg/ha urea in MV17. SEED BIOFERTILIZATION with nitragin increased harvest index of crop up to 2.3%. In biofertilized treatments, when wheat plants were fertilized with lower dose of urea, grain yield improved in both cultivars. With increasing of urea rate from 67 to 100 kg/ha the yield reduced. In non-biofertilized plants grain yield in those plots fertilized with full dose of urea was the highest. In experiment environmental condition with wheat SEED BIOFERTILIZATION before planting we can improve grain yield and reduce urea application up to 33% of recommended dose.

SEED germination is the begining of life cycle for many crops. Snitable methods of SEED selection and production have great effects on the yield. In this study, a field work was preceded hy a laboratory experiment in order to evaluate the SEED vigour in seven sorghum lines. The field experiment was a RCBD with three replications and was carried out in 1998, Karaj, Iran. Each experimental plot was 2.6x7m with four rows (65 cm between the rows). After SEEDling emergence, the germination percentage was recorded. When the SEEDlings were at 4-6 leaves thinning was done to reduce the space between them to 6cm in a row and other necessary practices were carried out on time until the SEEDs were fully matured. Samples were taken from all the seven sorghum lines and in the laboratory, using RCBD design, standard Germination Test (G), Cold Test (CT), Accelerated Ageing Test (AA), Electrical Conductivity Test (EC) with four replications were implemented on the samples. The results indicated that the sorghum lines KFS1, KFS2 and KFS4 are significantly different in SEED vigours, percentage of field emergence and also the fresh and dry matter yields of forage.

Beneficial association of rhizobial strains with leguminous plants may result in the enhancement of nodulation in the root and overall plant performance. In this study, the efficacy of inoculation was tested with pre-isolated Rhizobium phaseoli R9 and Mesorhizobium ciceri R6 as a single and in combined treatments on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) in a field experiment at soil salinity level of 5. 6 dS m-1 over two growing seasons. The bacterial inoculations increased the plant height, root and shoot biomass, grain yield, number of nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, and root length of common bean, with a significant difference. Compared to single inoculation, coinoculation of the rhizobial strains was more effective in all plant parameters and increased the SEED yield by 35. 1 and 37. 9%, respectively, over the two consecutive seasons compared to the uninoculated control. Chemical analysis showed a significantly (P< 0. 05) higher protein and oil content in the SEEDs of the co-inoculated plants than those of the control. The result of the experiment showed a strong correlation (r2= 0. 87) between the increased nodule dry weight and SEED yield of common bean. It might be concluded that co-inoculation with rhizobial strains could be the most effective BIOFERTILIZATION strategy for achieving greater nodulation and yield of common bean under saline conditions of Uzbekistan.

During rice growing season, the symptomless rice SEEDs from different paddy fields in Guilan province, Iran, were collected. After isolation of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria, 39 isolates including 19 epiphytes and 20 endophytes were selected based on the predominant characteristics. Five Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were obtained based on PCR-RFLP of 16S r-DNA in these isolates. According to biochemical tests and partial sequencing of 16S-rDNA, in both epiphyte and endophyte bacteria of rice SEEDs, the most populated OTUs (V and II) were identified as Pantoea ananatis and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, respectively. Six representative isolates from these two OTUs were selected to be evaluated for their abilities for rice SEED germination and growth enhancement. Among them, P. oryzihabitans was not beneficially effective. However, JpB1 isolate of P. ananatis was considered to be the most effective plant growth promoting isolate, since it showed stable beneficial effects on most surveyed characteristics in both rice SEED germination and growth enhancement experiments. Although, OpB3 isolate of P. ananatis produced IAA in higher amount and solubilized phosphate more than the other isolates followed by JpB1 and P. ananatis L3pB3, it was not beneficially effective on rice SEED germination.

Wheat ground beetle Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is an important wheat pest in Iran and some regions of the world. This pest causes damage to wheat by feeding on the root, stalk, and leaves. Farmers try to control this pest by the foliar application of different insecticides, but this method causes damage to the environment. To find an effective method to control this pest, the thiamethoxam insecticide (Cruiser®) efficiency was evaluated using SEED treatment in this study. An experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was conducted in a field in Ramhormoz city, Khuzestan province (Iran). The treatments were 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for SEED treatment, 2,000 ppm of diazinon by field spraying at the wheat tillering stage, and a control. The results indicated that the average plant density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (333.58 and 333.28 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (258.28 plant/m2) and the control (182.12 plant/m2). The average ear density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (513.78 and 506.12 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (321.22 plant/m2) and the control (260.86 plant/m2). According to the present results, farmers can use 150 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for 100 kg of SEEDs to control this pest by SEED treatment.

To evaluate the effects of different treatments on SEED dormancy breaking of Notobasis, two separate experiments were conducted at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, in 2017 with three replications. The first experiment included nine physical, mechanical and chemical treatments (control, surface scarification, intense scarification, one and two weeks of chilling at 4°C, soaking into hot water for two hours without scarification , soaking in 25°C distilled water for two hours with scarification  and acid treatment for six and 12 minutes) based on completely randomized designs (CRD). The Second experiment was hormone priming arranged as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with gibberellin concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm) and priming duration (12 and 24 hour) as the treatments. The highest SEED germination (40%) obtained from 12 minutes of acid treatment. Results showed that SEED germination reached to 100% after priming SEEDs with GA3 concentrations for 12 hours. However, increase the priming durations to 24 hours, significantly declined SEED germination to 47% in 200 and 400 ppm of GA3 concentrations. The Increase of GA3 concentrations in 12 hours led to a linear reduction of T50 from 31 hours in 200 ppm to 19 hours in 1000 ppm). In 24 hours of priming treatment, T50 followed a Gaussian function and the highest T50 (92 hours) was obtained from 600 ppm. It is recommended to immerse the SEEDs for 12 minutes in sulfuric acid and prime with 400 ppm GA3 acid for 12 hours to break dormancy and increase the vigor index.

Genus Hesperis L. belongs to Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family including 46 species in the world, of which seven taxa are distributed in Iran. Pollen and SEED macro-and micromorphological features of the Iranian taxa belonging to three sections, including sects. Hesperis, Diaplictos and Pachycarpos were examined for the first time using light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data analyses were performed using PAST (ver. 3. 14) software. The results showed that in Hesperis pollen grains are radially symmetrical, monad, isopolar, tricolpate and have a small size. Pollen grain shape is elliptic to circular in equatorial view and circular in polar view. The exine ornamentation is reticulate in all studied specimens. SEED sculpturing pattern revealed two main groups based on the presence or absence of papillae. This study clarified that both pollen and SEED macro-and micromorphological characters are significant features in taxonomic classification of the genus Hesperis. Unweighted Pair Group Method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA), strongly supported the sectional delimitation of taxa for most characters but not for SEED qualitative characters. The results are mostly in agreement with the previous studies.